{"id":492,"date":"2010-04-09T14:15:42","date_gmt":"2010-04-09T20:15:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/?p=112"},"modified":"2010-04-09T14:15:42","modified_gmt":"2010-04-09T20:15:42","slug":"%e2%80%9ccost-accounting-is-productivity%e2%80%99s-public-enemy-number-one%e2%80%9d-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/2010\/04\/09\/%e2%80%9ccost-accounting-is-productivity%e2%80%99s-public-enemy-number-one%e2%80%9d-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCost Accounting is Productivity\u2019s Public Enemy Number One\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This quote comes from Thomas Corbett\u2019s book \u201cThroughput Accounting.\u201d  Corbett quoted this from the godfather of Theory of Constraints (TOC), Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt.  This is a bold statement but is true.  Cost accountants and business managers are not stupid, so how can this be? This blog explores these questions and proposes a solution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why use cost accounting?<\/strong><br \/>\nEver since people have owned businesses, there have always been a need to measure how they were doing.  As businesses have become more complex, it became more difficult to see if the business is doing well or in serious distress.  An ideal cost accounting system would:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> show how the business is performing<\/li>\n<li> where to make true improvements<\/li>\n<li> make things clearer, rather than make them murkier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unfortunately, traditional cost accounting falls down on all three requirements.  Here\u2019s why.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Problems with cost accounting<\/strong><br \/>\nThere are a number of problems with typical cost accounting.  Here are a few of the worst problems.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Based on 100 year old assumptions<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen we look at the financial statements of companies, things like labour and utilities are included in cost of goods sold and inventory.  This was a good assumption in the industrial revolution, where these were truly variable costs.  Now manufacturing is more dependent on machine uptime and speed than the number of people working.  We don\u2019t send people home when the factory has downtime, but cost accounting assumes that is exactly what we do.<br \/>\nBack in the industrial revolution, managers didn\u2019t have access to information to the extent we have today.  They might know a little bit about what was happening upstream and downstream, but nothing else.  The strategy of being as productive as possible in each step of the process therefore was the best one available.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Arbitrary allocation of overhead<\/strong><br \/>\nInstead of explaining this, let\u2019s look at an example.  A company has three divisions and a head office.  The following table shows the year\u2019s results.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Division<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>B<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Sales<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$100<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$120<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$150<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$370<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Costs<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">80<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">85<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">95<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">260<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Overhead<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">25<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">30<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">38<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(-$5)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$17<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$17<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>If looking from a purely cost accounting standpoint, division A is losing money and is a candidate for closure.  If we close the division but keep the same overhead, the following would result.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Division<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>B<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Sales<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$120<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$150<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$270<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Costs<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">85<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">95<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">180<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Overhead<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">41<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">52<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(-$6)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(-$3<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>So by shutting down the money losing division, we have decreased the profit from $17 to -$3.  But wait, it gets worse.  Now division B is not profitable.  What happens if we shut this division down?<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Division<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>B<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Sales<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$150<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">$150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Costs<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">95<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">Overhead<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">93<\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\">93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><strong>$0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(-$38)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(-$38)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Although this example is very simple, it shows how cost allocation can lead to wrong decisions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Encourages local optimization<\/strong><br \/>\nManagers for a department or a facility inside a large organization will normally be measured and paid based on their individual department performance.  This will lead to the manager to decrease costs inside their department.  The one way all managers will try to decrease costs is to produce more.  This makes sense because you can spread your fixed cost over more production, making your costs look lower.  The obvious problem with this logic is if the extra production is not sold, it goes into inventory as work in process (WIP).  In fact, the only place that this strategy works is in the constraint of the business.  That is usually only one step in the process.  If the constraint is sales, this is an especially disastrous strategy.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Encourages building inventory<\/strong><br \/>\nIn addition to the local optimization problem, cost accounting gives the wrong impression that more inventory is better.  The reason for this is how inventory is measured and counted in financial statements.  If inventory is not sold during a reporting period, the cost of the raw material along with the other costs are reported as WIP on the balance sheet.  Inventory is an asset and a higher asset base is usually associated with a healthier balance sheet.  If costs were unusually high during that period, this WIP value is higher.  Some managers may not want to sell this inventory out of fear of the balance sheet and income statement implications.  Talk about bizarro strategy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_132\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-132\" style=\"width: 320px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/murphy-bizarro.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132\" title=\"murphy bizarro\" src=\"http:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/murphy-bizarro.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/murphy-bizarro.jpg 320w, https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/murphy-bizarro-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-132\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is this your cost accountant?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Obscures the real picture<\/strong><br \/>\nPerhaps the biggest problem with cost accounting is it does the opposite of what it sets out to do &#8211; make decisions easier.  The allocation of overhead, local optimization and the over-valuation of inventory make it difficult to see what is really happening in a company.  Worse, it hides how to make improvements.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>There is a much better way<\/strong><br \/>\nFortunately there is a simpler and much better way to measure company performance.  It is called Throughput Accounting.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><strong>Throughput accounting<\/strong><br \/>\nThe first notable thing about this method is how simple it is.  Instead of learning the rules of cost allocation, WIP and internal scorecards, there are only three measurements.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Throughput<\/strong><br \/>\nThroughput is by far the most important measurement of throughput accounting.  It is defined as sales minus true variable costs at the constraint of the business.  True variable costs are things such as raw materials, freight, packaging etc.  It does not include labour and other expenses that don\u2019t track with throughput.  The important part of the definition is throughput through the constraint of the business.  This means if you increase throughput, the business will improve.  There is nothing simpler than that.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Expenses<\/strong><br \/>\nExpenses are all other costs to the company.  Overhead, interest, depreciation, labour are all expenses.  Throughput accounting doesn\u2019t waste effort on finding little boxes to allocate costs.  This isn\u2019t nearly as important as throughput because there is a definite top level of cost performance &#8211; zero costs.  If you meet this goal, it means you are out of business.<br \/>\n<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Investment<\/strong><br \/>\nInvestment represents how much cash the firm has tied up to operate.  This is inventory, equipment and other fixed assets.  It is treated as something necessary to support the business, not something with its own inherent value.  The main advantage to this is it leads business managers to keep enough inventory to support throughput, but eliminate everything else.  This way they avoid problems like shrinkage, obsolescence and problems when high cost WIP is finally sold.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Based on real world<\/strong><br \/>\nThe real beauty of throughput accounting is it takes advantage of the information available today to provide real guidance.  If a manager makes an improvement in any of the three categories, the results will be apparent on the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement.  The results are real and unambiguous.  If you use this system properly, decisions will become easier and your success rate will increase dramatically.<\/p>\n<p>I have only introduced the concept here.  For more information there are two excellent books. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/gp\/product\/0884271587?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=abonbusiconsl-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=15121&amp;creative=390961&amp;creativeASIN=0884271587\"> Throughput Accounting by Thomas Corbett<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/gp\/product\/0471251097?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=abonbusiconsl-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=15121&amp;creative=390961&amp;creativeASIN=0471251097\">Throughput Accounting &#8211; a guide to constraint management by Steven M. Bragg<\/a> explain the concept and prove effectiveness with lots of examples.  If you are struggling with your cost accounting system or want to improve your processes, these are must-reads.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This quote comes from Thomas Corbett\u2019s book \u201cThroughput Accounting.\u201d Corbett quoted this from the godfather of Theory of Constraints (TOC), Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt. This is a bold statement but is true. Cost accountants and business managers are not stupid, so how can this be? This blog explores these questions and proposes a solution. Why&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,1],"tags":[40,39,16],"class_list":["post-492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-business-solutions","category-uncategorized","tag-cost-accounting","tag-goldratt","tag-toc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=492"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/492\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=492"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abonarconsultants.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}